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Vitalik: Ethereum is Becoming More Than a Blockchain Speaking at the 2026 Shanghai Blockchain International Week, Ethereum co-founder Vitalik Buterin shared a broader vision for where Ethereum is heading. His main point: Ethereum is evolving from a blockchain that executes everything into a global system focused on computation, privacy and verification. Here are the key ideas: 1/ ZK is becoming the foundation → Instead of every node doing the same computation, users or other systems can do the work and generate a proof. Ethereum only needs to verify that proof. 2/ Privacy becomes programmable → Vitalik said blockchain is moving beyond simply answering “Who can send what?” The next question is “Who can see what?” This means applications could control which information is visible without exposing everything publicly. 3/ Scaling through proofs → Complex computations can be split, processed in parallel and compressed into proofs before being verified on Ethereum. This could allow much more computation without putting all of it directly on-chain. 4/ Ethereum becomes a full pipeline → Vitalik described a future involving user devices, private transaction pools, multiple participants, block construction, L2s and finally Ethereum for verification. Ethereum does not need to perform every step itself. 5/ AI changes development → AI can help developers write, test and formally verify increasingly complex cryptographic systems. Vitalik believes this can make advanced Ethereum infrastructure both faster to build and more secure. 6/ Quantum resistance matters → Ethereum is also moving toward quantum-safe cryptography, with STARK-based systems playing an important role in the longer-term roadmap. Ethereum's future may not simply be about making the L1 faster. It is about building a trust layer where computation can happen anywhere, privacy can be programmed, and complex results can be mathematically proven and verified on-chain.

Ethereum entering stake queue is still larger than the exit queue.

Ethereum mainnet is very busy right now.

@Ledger The ticker was always ETH

@SenatorBennet No clarity, no rules. You did it. Congrats!

@SenatorSlotkin No clarity, no rules. You did it. Congrats!

@andyyy I own Ethereum. I use Etheron — Ethereum Stats share.google/IPXppa98KxeNze…

@Noahhcalls You’re comparing Bitcoin to the stock market because tokenization will happen on Bitcoin, right? Oh, wait...

@francescoswiss @aave @MorphoLabs @compoundfinance @LidoFinance @kamino @jito @MetaMask @phantom @Rabby_io @rainbowdotme @etheronapp

@Vivek4real_ I've heard that Bitcoin will be the future of finance by tokenizing everything on it. Oh, wait...

@WatcherGuru Why not on Bitcoin? Oh wait....

Happy Birthday Ethereum 🎂 🥳 🎉 11 years

Ethereum’s staking exit queue is at 0 again. There is no staking exit pressure.

@arkham Make sense 👌

Ethereum powers Web3. Ethereum is proof of stake. ETH is money.

@JourneyMacro True. No second best.

In Ethereum’s proof-of-stake network, ETH is the asset supporting the system. - It secures L1 where L2s settle. - Its value strengthens Ethereum’s economic security. - It pays for blockspace. - It can provide DeFi liquidity around tokenized RWAs. One native asset at the center.

@ethcforg It’s only a matter of time

@coinbureau ETH and BTC are software. If they don't evolve, they will become obsolete. BTC was the first successful attempt at Web3. It is primitive. Right now, its only edge against ETH is that it doesn't do many updates. But this will not take it far.

Two weeks ago, Ethereum researchers met in Berlin to continue charting the protocol's long-term trajectory, following along discussions with client teams in Svalbard in April. The updated strawmap is at strawmap.org, and I attached a picture of it to this post. My own high-level takeaways: * "Lean Ethereum" is not a single one-shot upgrade, it is a collection of improvements that will come online to the Ethereum network over the course of three or four years. But make no mistake, this IS the third major iteration of Ethereum in the same way that the Merge was the second. Almost every major piece of the protocol will be replaced: - Verification through recursive STARKs, rather than direct re-execution. Recursive STARKs become an enshrined first-class core component of the protocol - Replacing everything quantum-vulnerable with quantum-safe alternatives - Consensus: decoupled available chain and finality, one or two-round finality. Theoretically optimal security properties, simpler than today, and faster than today - Multidimensional gas - State: not just tree structure, but what *types* of state are available - Changes to client architecture ... At the same time, simplification, cleanup and future-proofing. And this will all be done in a way that minimizes disruption to existing application. We've done this before (the Merge), we can do it again. * H-star (aka Hegota) is probably Ethereum's last thematically "pre-Lean" fork. Starting from I-star, most of everything we do will have a very strong "Lean" feel to it in one way or another. * Privacy is no longer an afterthought, it is a first class goal. When designing Frames, the mempool, additions to the state tree, we explicitly ask the question "okay, how do quantum-safe, intermediary-free privacy protocol transactions go through this, and what is the overhead?" * Formal verification of everything for security. * FV also makes us much more comfortable with canonicalization (having pieces of the protocol that are directly defined as a piece of bytecode expressed in some language). evm-asm is being written in part to become a canonical proof system for the EVM. * Quantum safety has shifted up a LOT in priority. This adds a lot of work (eg. finalizing a quantum-safe blobs design has become urgent; this work has already been ongoing for months) * Probably the single most disruptive part of the plan is the changes to state. There is growing consensus around leaving present-day-style "dynamic state" mostly unchanged, but scaling it only a medium amount, and adding new types of state that are more scalability-friendly (eg. no need for builders to sync/store all of it) but more restrictive, and that will scale a large amount. eg. possible Ethereum in 2030: 2 TB of present-day-style (dynamic) state, and 100 TB of new-style (scalable but restrictive) state This "new-style" state would work very well for ERC20s, NFTs, many defi use cases, but not eg. highly "central" objects like Uniswap contracts, or onchain order books, or other complex things (which are crucial for Ethereum but which only take up a small percentage of state) Hence, it will not be *necessary* to rewrite any apps, but it will be *very cost-effective* to eg. rewrite an ERC20 token into a newer design that uses a new type of UTXO storage that is currently being explored, so that it will have >10x lower txfees. Design of these new state types (current ideas: keyed nonces, ring buffers, UTXOs, statically accessible state, temp state) is an area where we will need a lot of feedback from application developers (incl. privacy-friendly application developers) and probably several rounds of rethinking and iteration. * In the context of a much larger total state size, we need to figure out the incentive issues around who stores this state and what motivates them to. Even saying "each node stores 1%" is not good enough - why do they store that 1% and why are they willing to serve it? This is being elevated as a first-class research area. * Ethereum will need to have a "VM" other than EVM in one form or another - at the very least, we need something like leanISA for recursive STARKs - and the gains are large in exposing it to users so that we support programmable privacy and better scalability. Right now, the most likely contenders are leanISA and RISC-V. My own ideal is that in this world, we adjust the protocol so that the EVM becomes a high-level-language compiler-level feature, and the protocol only "sees" RISC-V / leanISA directly. But this is still far away. * Gas limit increases, blob increases and slot time decreases will happen many times over the next ~5 years. We expect a large gas limit increase with Glasterdam. Each step of increased scale or decreased slot time is a matter of getting to the point where it is safe to do it, which comes from a combination of client optimization and protocol changes. Ethereum is CROPS. Ethereum is scaling. Ethereum is reinventing itself. Onward.